Thyroid disorders can lead to various health problems that affect metabolism, cardiovascular function and general well-being. The two most common disorders are hypothyroidism (underactive) and hyperthyroidism (overactive).
1. Hypothyroidism (Underactive thyroid)
In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland does not produce enough T4 and T3 hormones, which leads to a slowdown in metabolism. This disorder is more common in women, especially over 60.
Symptoms:
- Fatigue and lethargy
- Weight gain that persists despite diet or exercise
- Cold sensitivity
- Dry skin and hair loss
- Constipation
- Depression and concentration difficulties
- Slow heartbeat
Cause: the most common cause is autoimmune disease, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Other causes may include iodine deficiency, thyroid removal, side effects of certain medications, or radiation therapy.
Treatment: treatment is usually with thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine), which helps to restore normal hormone levels and relieve symptoms.
2. Hyperthyroidism (Overactive thyroid)
In the case of hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces too many hormones, which leads to an accelerated metabolism. This disease is also more common in women and often affects people between the ages of 20 and 40.
Symptoms:
- Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) and palpitations
- Weight loss, despite increased appetite
- Nervousness, anxiety and irritability
- Muscle weakness
- Sweating and heat sensitivity
- Tremor (tremor)
- Sleep disorders
- Diarrhoea
Causes: the most common cause is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes the thyroid gland to overactive. Other causes include thyroiditis, overconsumption of certain medications (such as overdosing on thyroid hormone replacement), and thyroid nodules that produce too much hormone.
Treatment: treatment may involve taking medicines that inhibit thyroid function, using radioactive iodine (which destroys thyroid cells), or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland.
3. Thyroid nodules and tumours
Benign nodules and, less commonly, malignant tumours can occur in the thyroid gland. These nodules sometimes go unnoticed, but they may also cause excessive hormone production or neck pressure.
Symptoms:
- Palpable lump or swelling in the neck
- Difficulty breathing or swallowing (if the lump puts pressure on the windpipe or oesophagus)
- Voice changes (hoarseness)
- If the lump is overactive, symptoms of hyperthyroidism may also appear
Cause: the reason for the development of nodules is not always known, but may be due to genetic predisposition, iodine deficiency or autoimmune disease. Thyroid cancer is less common, but treatment of such tumours is important as early detection increases the chance of cure.
Treatment: treatment depends on the size, type and activity of the lump. It may include observation, medication, radioactive iodine, or surgical removal.
Summary
Thyroid disorders can cause a variety of symptoms that affect quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent more serious complications. If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above, it is advisable to consult a doctor to have the thyroid condition clarified by appropriate tests and, if necessary, to start treatment.
